CBSE 10 SST The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Questions and Answers

The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Questions and Answers

Rise of Nationalism in Europe Notes

Some important dates

1797Napoleon invades Italy; Napoleonic wars begin.
1814-1815Fall of Napoleon; the Vienna Peace Settlement.
1821Greek struggle for independence begins.
1848Revolutions in Europe; artisans, industrial workers and peasants revolt against economic hardships; middle classes demand constitutions and representative governments; Italians, Germans, Magyars, Poles, Czechs, etc. demand nation-states.
1859-1870Unification of Italy.
1866-1871Unification of Germany.
1905Slav nationalism gathers forces in the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires.

Exercise Questions and Answers

1. Write a note on:

a) Giuseppe Mazzini

Giuseppe Mazzini was born on 22 June 1805, in Genoa, Italy. He was an Italian politician, journalist, Writer, and activist. He played a very important role in liberal nationalism. He plays an important role in the unification of Italy and spearhead the Italian revolutionary movement. He became a member of the Carbonari, (a secret association with political purposes.)Mazzini organized political society (1.) Young Italy in Marseilles, and (2.) Young Europe in Berne. He was elected as a member of the Constituent Assembly and acquired the responsibility of framing a constitution for the roman public.

b) Count Camillo de Cavour

Cavour was a realist who practiced realistic politics. But he was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat. He allied with France when necessary and with France’s key enemy, Prussia also. Cavour used international power to achieve his domestic goals. He devoted himself to the liberation of northern Italy from Austrian domination. He played a leading role in the unification of Italy. He became Prime Minister of Piedmont in 1852. He reorganized its army and it achieved rapid growth in material prosperity. Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France, Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859.

Apart from regular troops, a large number of armed volunteers under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi joined the fight. In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of Two Sicilies and succeeded in winning with the support of the local peasants drove out the Spanish rulers. Thus, Cavour was ultimately successful in the unification of Italy under King Victor Emmanuel II. He, however, died on June 6, 1861, before the completion of the unification of Italy in 1870.

c) The Greek war of independence

The Greek War of Independence was an event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe. Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century. The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off a struggle for independence amongst the Greeks which began in 1821. Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile and also from many West Europeans who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture. Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilisation and mobilised public opinion to support its struggle against a Muslim empire. The English poet Lord Byron organised funds and later went to fight in the war. Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.

d) Frankfurt parliament

In the German regions, a large number of political associations whose members were middle-class professionals, businessmen, and prosperous artisans came together in the city of Frankfurt and decided to vote for an all-German National Assembly.  On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives marched in a festive procession to take their places in the Frankfurt parliament convened in the church of St Paul. They drafted a constitution for the German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament. While the opposition of the aristocracy and military became stronger, the social basis of parliament eroded. In the end, troops were called in and the assembly was forced to disband.                                      

Rise of Nationalism in Europe Notes

e) The role of women in nationalist struggles

women of the liberal middle classes combined their demands for constitutionalism monarchy with national unification. They took advantage of the growing popular unrest to push their demands for the creation of a nation-state on parliamentary principles- a constitution, freedom of the press and freedom of formation or joining union or association.

The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one within the liberal movement, in which large numbers of women had participated actively over the years. Women had formed their own political associations, founded newspapers, and taken part in political meetings and demonstrations. Despite this, they were denied suffrage rights during the election of the Assembly. This fact was evident from Frankfurt Parliament convened in the Church of St. Paul where women were admitted only as observers to stand in the visitor’s gallery.

2. What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective identity among the French people?

Ans:

  • From the very beginning, the French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that could create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people.
  • The ideas of la Patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasised the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
  • A new French flag, the tricolour was chosen to replace the former royal standard.
  • The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.
  • New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated in the name of the nation.
  • A centralised administrative system was put in a place and formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory.
  • Internal customs duties and dues were abolished. A uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
  • The French language was spoken and written in Paris and became the common language of the nation.

3. Who were Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way in which they were portrayed?

Ans: Female allegories were invented by artists in the nineteenth century to represent the nation. Marianne and Germania were those allegories of French and German nations.

Marianne: She underlined the idea of a people’s nation. Her Characteristics were drawn from those of Liberty and the Republic- the red cap, the tricolour, and the cockade. Statues of Marianne were installed in public squares to remind the public of the national symbols of unity and to persuade them to identify with it. Marianne’s images were marked on coins and stamps too.

Germania: In visual representations, Germania wears a crown of oak leaves, as the German oak stands for heroism.

Rise of Nationalism in Europe Notes

4. Briefly trace the process of German unification.

Ans: Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle-class Germans, who in 1848 tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation-state governed by an elected parliament. This liberal initiative to nation-building was repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military. It is supported by the large landowners (called Junkers) of Prussia. From then on, Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for national unification. Its chief minister Otto von Bismarck was the architect of this process carried out with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. Three wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark and France ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of unification. In January 1871, the Prussian king William was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.

5. What changes did Napoleon introduce to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him?

Ans: The following changes were introduced by Napoleon to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him-

(i) The Civil Code of 1804- usually known as the Napoleonic Code. It abolished all privileges based on birth. It established equality before the law and secured the right to property. This code was exported to the regions under French control.

(ii) Napoleon simplified administrative divisions in the Dutch Republic, in Switzerland, in Italy and in Germany. And it abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.

 (iii) Guild restrictions were removed in town. Transport and communication system were improved.

(iv) Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen enjoyed new-found freedom.

(v) Uniform laws, standardised weight and measures and a common national currency were introduced.

No doubt, Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field, he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient.

Discuss

1. Explain what is meant by the 1848 revolution of the liberals. What were the political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals?

Ans: Since the French Revolution, liberalism had stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative government through parliament. Nineteenth-century liberals also stressed the inviolability of private property. The memory of the French Revolution continued to inspire liberals. One of the major issues taken up by the liberal nationalists was criticised of the new conservative order and freedom of the press.

Parallel to the revolts of the poor, unemployed and starving peasants and workers in many European countries in the year 1848, a revolution led by the educated middle classes was underway. Events of February 1848 in France had brought about the abdication of the monarch and a republic based on universal male suffrage had been proclaimed. In other parts of Europe where independent nation-states did not yet exist – such as Germany, Italy, Poland, the Austro-Hungarian Empire – men and women of the liberal middle classes combined their demands for constitutionalism with national unification. They took advantage of the growing popular unrest to push their demands for the creation of a nation-state on parliamentary principles – a constitution, freedom of the press and freedom of association.

2. Choose three examples to show the contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe.

Ans: Culture played an important role in the growth of nationalism in Europe:

  • Language: Played a very important role. After the Russian occupation, the Polish language was forced out of schools and the Russian language was imposed everywhere. Clergy in Poland began using language. as a weapon of national resistance. Polish was used for Church gatherings and all religious instruction. The use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of struggle against Russian dominance.
  • Romanticism: It was a cultural movement that sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment. Romantic artists and poets generally criticised the glorification of reason and science and focussed instead on emotions, intuition and mystic feelings. They tried to portray a common cultural past as the basis of a nation.
  • Folk poetry, folk dance, folk songs: The true spirit of the nation was popularised through these means. So these forms of folk culture were an essential part of nation-building. Like German philosopher, Johann Gottfried claimed that the German culture was to be discovered among the common people through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances. So collecting and recording these forms of folk culture was essential to the project of nation-building. Karol Kurpinski, celebrated the national struggle through his operas and music, turning folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols. The Grimm brothers also saw French domination as a threat to German culture and believed that the folktales they had collected were expressions of a pure and authentic German spirit.

Rise of Nationalism in Europe Notes

3. Through a focus on any two countries, explain how nations developed over the nineteenth century.

Ans: With a focus on Germany and Italy, how nations developed over the nineteenth century has been explained.

Development of Germany as a nation-state:

  • A large number of political associations whose members were middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans as members were formed in Germany.
  • Before the beginning of the modern age some serious economic problems came up in Germany. Hunger, hardship and popular revolt emerged in Germany. Germany was divided into several states due to autocratic rule, people were suffering in Germany. There were conservative forces like that of Junkers (big landlords) who did not want to accept the concept of the nation-state.
  • Romantic imagination and national feelings also became a major factor for the formation of the nation-state. Johann Gottfried Herder of Germany popularised the true spirit of the nation through folk songs, folk poetry, and folk dances.
  • Otto von Bismarck had architected the process of unification with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. Three wars against Austria, Denmark, and France were fought over seven years in Germany.

Development of nation-state in Italy:

  • Like Germany, Italy too had a long history of political fragmentation. Italians were scattered over several dynastic states as well as the multi-national Habsburg Empire.
  • Italy was divided into several states. These were ruled by dynasties like Habsburg, Pope, and Bourbon dynasties. Only Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house.
  • Caricature of Garibaldi of Italy helped a lot in stimulating nationalistic feelings among the masses.
  • Cavour established a tactful diplomatic alliance with France and won two Sicilies.

4. How was the history of nationalism in Britain, unlike the rest of Europe?

Ans: Some scholars have argued for a model of the nation of Great Britain.

  • In Britain the formation of the nation-state was not the result of a sudden upheaval or revolution. It was the result of a long-drawn-out process. There was no British nation prior to the eighteenth century.
  • The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles were ethnic ones such as English, Welsh, Scot, or Irish. All of these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political traditions. But as the English nation steadily grew in wealth, importance and power. It was able to extend its influence over the other nations of the islands.
  • The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland that resulted in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’. England was able to impose its influence on Scotland. The British parliament was henceforth dominated by its English members.
  • The Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or wear their national dress, and large numbers were forcibly driven out of their homeland.
  • Ireland suffered a similar fate. It was a country deeply divided between Catholics and Protestants. The English helped the Protestants of Ireland to impose their dominance over a largely Catholic country.
  • Catholic revolts against British dominance were brutally suppressed. After a failed revolt led by Wolfe Tone and his United Irishmen (1798), Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801.
  • A new ‘British nation’ was forged through the propagation of a dominant English culture. The symbols of the new Britain – the British flag (Union Jack), the national anthem (God Save Our Noble King), the English language were actively promoted and the older nations survived only as subordinate partners in this union.

5. Why did nationalist tensions emerge in the Balkans?

Ans: The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 was the area called the Balkans.

  • The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modem-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia, and Montenegro which were broadly known as Slavs
  • A large part was under the control of the Ottoman Empire Gradually independence was declared from them.
  • The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive.
  • The Balkan peoples claim independence or political rights on nationality and used history to prove that they had once been independent but had subsequently been subjugated by foreign powers.
  • The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each- other and each hoped to gain more territory at the expense of the others.
  • Matters were further complicated because the Balkans also became the scene of big power rivalry. Each power – Russia, Germany, England, Austro- Hungary, etc., was keen on controlling the hold of other powers over the Balkans and each among them was keen to extend its own control over the area.

Rise of Nationalism in Europe Notes

Additional Questions and Answers

Multiple choice questions

1. How are the world’s peoples identified after being grouped as distinct nations?

a) their flag                 

b) their national costume

 c) both their flag and national costume    

d) none of them

Ans: C) both their flag and national costume

2. when did the French revolution happen?

a) 1789                                 

b) 1879

c)1790                                   

d) 1787

Ans: a) 1789

3. The civil code of 1804 was known as

a) Napoleonic code                              

b) French code

c) Balkan code                                       

d) none of them

Ans: a) Napoleonic code                              

4. the age of revolution was

a) 1830-1848                                          

b) 1840-1848

c) 1815-1848                                           

d) none of them

Ans: a) 1830-1848

Rise of Nationalism in Europe Notes

5. what was Frédéric Sorrieu ?

a) a French engraver                         

b) a french printmaker

c) a French draughtsman                        

d) all of them.

Ans: d) all of them

6. In 1848, Frederic Sorrieu, a French artist, prepared a series of

a) four prints,                          

b) three prints

C) five prints                           

d) none of them

Ans: a) four prints

7. statue of liberty was established in

a) USA                                       

b) Germany

c)France                                    

d) none of them

Ans: a) USA

8. liberalism stood for

a) freedom for the individual          

b) equality of all before the law

c) both a & b                                    

d) none of them

Ans: c) both a & b

Rise of Nationalism in Europe Notes

9. when was Napoleon defeated?

a) 1815                 

b) 1816

c) 1830                 

d) 1814

Ans: a) 1815

10. which Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation?

a) art                                 

b) poetry, music

c) stories                           

d) all of them

Ans: d) all of them

11. liberal middle class demanded the creation of a nation-state on parliamentary principles

a) a constitution,                                          

b) freedom of the press,

c) freedom of association                          

d) all of them

Ans: d) all of them

12. when the Frankfurt Parliament was convened in the Church of Saint Paul?

a) On 18th May 1948                                    

b) On 16th May 1948

c) On 14th May 1948                                    

d) On 19th May 1948

Ans: On 18th May 1948

Rise of Nationalism in Europe Notes

13.Who among the following hosted the Congress at Vienna in 1815.

a) Otto von Bismarck                  

b) King of the Netherlands

c) Giuseppe Mazzini                   

d) Duke Metternich

Ans: d) Duke Metternich

14. Frederic Sorrieu era was __________

a) 17 January 1807 to 26 September 1887

b) 15 January 1807 to 26 September 1887

c) 17 January 1806 to 26 September 1885

d) 15 January 1805 to 27 September 1889

Ans: a) 17 January 1807 to 26 September 1887

15. When did the French revolution happen?

a) 1775

b) 1789

c) 1765

d) 1780

Ans: b) 1789

16. The Estates General was elected by

a) the active citizens

b) the national assembly

c) the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly

Ans: c) the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.

17. When did Napoleon lose the battle of Leipzig?

a) in 1813

b) in 1811

c) in 1810

d) in 1815

Ans: a) in 1813

18. When and where did Giuseppe Mazzini born? 

a) in Europe in 1817

b) in Germany in 1815

c) in Italy in 1819

d) in Genoa in 1807

Ans: d) in Genoa in 1807

Rise of Nationalism in Europe Notes

19. When did the Europe faced economic hardships?

 a) in 1830

b) in 1815

c) in 1820

Ans: a) in 1830

20. When did Giuseppe Garibaldi join the Italy movement?

a) In 1834

b) In 1833

c) In 1854

d) In 1867

Ans: b) 1833

21. when did Giuseppe Garibaldi participate in the piedmont?

a) In 1834

b) In 1833

c) In 1854

d) In 1867

Ans: a) In 1834

22. When did Giuseppe Garibaldi support Victor Emmanuel II?

a) In 1834

b) In 1833

c) In 1854

d) In 1867

Ans: c) In 1854

23. when did Garibaldi lead an army in Italy?

a) In 1834

b) In 1833

c) In 1854

d) In 1867

Ans: d) In 1867

Rise of Nationalism in Europe Notes

Short answer type question:

24. what is the nation?

Ans: the nation is the culmination of a long past of endeavors, sacrifice, and devotion. A heroic past, great men, and glory, that is the social capital upon which one bases a national idea.

25. what do you mean by Absolute monarchy?

Ans: It is a type of government form of monarchy in which all governmental power and responsibilities arise from a monarch.

26. What do you mean by Romanticism?

Ans: A cultural movement aimed at developing a particular form of national sentiment and promoting a feeling of collective heritage as the basis of a nation.

27. What did Liberal Nationalism Stand for?

Ans: For the new middle classes’ liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.

Politically, it emphasized the concept of government by consent.

Economically, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.

Rise of Nationalism in Europe Notes

28. describe A New Conservatism after 1815.

Ans: After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European governments were driven by a spirit of conservatism. Conservatives believed that established, traditional institutions of state and society should be preserved.

29.Who was Frédéric Sorrieu?

Ans: Frédéric Sorrieu was a French artist, engraver, printmaker, and draughtsman. He was notable for the liberal and nationalist revolutions in France and in Europe. He prepared a series of four prints visualising his dream of a made up of ‘democratic and social Republics’ as he called them.

30. What do you mean La patrie and le citoyen?

Ans: The ideas of la Patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasised the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.

31. Describe the Civil Code of 1804?

Ans: The civil code of 1804 was also known as the Napoleonic Code. It took away all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law, and secured the right to property. This Code was exported to the regions under French control.

32. Why were big Europe powers met in Berlin in 1885?

Ans: the major Europe powers met to decide the fortunes of the lands in Africa in 1885. This year is significant in the history of colonization because this year big European power completed dividing Africa and distributing among them. The conference was held in the capital city of Germany, Berlin. Africa was divided among different European nations during this conference. 

33. describe the Age of Revolutions.

Ans: In July 1830, Bourbon Kings were overthrown by liberal revolutionaries who installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head. The July Revolution sparked an uprising in Brussels which led to Belgium breaking away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. In 1821, Greeks struggled for independence

In 1848, a revolution led by the educated middle classes was underway. Men and women of the liberal middle class demanded the creation of a nation-state on parliamentary principles – a constitution, freedom of the press, and freedom of association.

Rise of Nationalism in Europe Notes

Long answer type question:

34. how did Germany and Italy become nations?

Ans:

Germany Unified – After 1848, Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for national unification. Its chief minister, Otto von Bismarck, was the architect of this process carried out with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. Three wars were fought over seven years with Austria, Denmark, and France. Eventually, Prussia emerged victorious and completed the process of unification.

Italy Unified – During the middle of the nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven states, of which only one, Sardinia-Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely house. During the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini sought to put together a cover program for the unitary Italian Republic. Chief Minister Cavour led the movement to unify the regions of Italy. A large number of armed volunteers under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi joined the fight. In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy.

35. who is Giuseppe Garibaldi?

Ans: Giuseppe Garibaldi was an Italian freedom Fighter. In 1833 he joined Young Italy Movement with Mazzini. In 1834 he participated a republican uprising in piedmont. After the surpassed of the uprising, he flees to South Africa and lived till 1848. In 1854 he supported Victor Emmanuel II in efforts of the Unification of Italy. His 30,000 army is popularly known as Red Shirts. In 1867 Garibaldi lead an army of volunteers to the unification of Italy.

36. How did nationalism come with the French revolution?

Ans: Nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789. France was a full-fledged territorial state in 1789 under the rule of an absolute monarch. The French Revolution changed the political and constitutional sovereignty to wake the monarchy of a body of French citizens. The revolution proclaimed that people would constitute the nation and shape its destiny. The French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism abroad.

37. Describe the Age of Revolutions.

Ans: In July 1830, Bourbon Kings were overthrown by liberal revolutionaries who installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head. The July Revolution sparked an uprising in Brussels which led to Belgium breaking away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. In 1821, Greeks struggled for independence.

In 1848, a revolution led by the educated middle classes was underway. Men and women of the liberal middle class demanded the creation of a nation-state on parliamentary principles – a constitution, freedom of the press, and freedom of association.

38. Describe New Conservatism after 1815.

Ans: After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European governments were driven by a spirit of conservatism. Conservatives believed that establishment, traditional institutions of state and society should be preserved. In 1815, Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria represented the European government to meet at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. The congress was hosted by Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich, the delegates drew up the Treaty of Vienna of 1815.

39. How did they get Romantic National Feeling?

Ans: Culture played an important role in creating the idea of nationalist feelings. It includes art and poetry, stories and music that helped express and shape nationalist feelings.

Romanticism is a cultural movement that sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment. Language also played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments.

The Russian language was imposed everywhere and in 1831 an armed rebellion against Russian rule took place which was ultimately crushed.

Rise of Nationalism in Europe Notes

40.  Describe the Revolution of the Liberals of 1848.

Ans: The revolutionary movement began in Italy against European monarchies with a local revolution in Sicily in January 1848, and, after the revolution of February 24 in France, the movement extended throughout the whole of Europe. The aim of the revolution is to remove the old monarchical structures and create independent nation-states. The 1848 revolution was led by the educated middle class along with the poor, unemployed starving peasants and workers in many European countries for fulfilling their demands of constitutionalism with national unification. On 18th May 1948, the Frankfurt Parliament was convened in the Church of Saint Paul by members elected from various political associations.

41. Write Short Notes on Giuseppe Garibaldi.

Ans: Giuseppe Garibaldi was an Italian freedom Fighter. In 1833 he joined Young Italy Movement with Mazzini. In 1834 he participated a republican uprising in piedmont. After the surpassed of the uprising, he flew to South Africa and lived till 1848. In 1854 he supported Victor Emmanuel II in efforts of the Unification of Italy. His 30,000 army is popularly known as Red Shirts. In 1867 Garibaldi lead an army of volunteers to the unification of Italy.

42. How did ideas of national unity in early nineteenth-century Europe ally with the ideology of liberalism? Explain.

Ans: The ideology of liberalism in nineteenth-century Europe:

  •  First of all we have to understand the meaning of liberalism. The term liberalism comes from the Latin root liber which meant to be free. The liberalism community began a revolution in the 1848 period. They also began many national movements with help of educated middle-class people.
  • In the beginning, they suffered a lot. There was a rule that only property-owning men can give votes. They excluded men who did not have property. In the nineteenth century and early twenties, people started movements and demanding equal rights in law.
  • In politics, liberalism means freedom for individuals. It meant that the government should be appointed with the consent of the people. They support the ideas of national unity and the abolition of aristocratic power.
  • Economically, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. All the different merchants possess their own currency and weight and measures. The measures of clothes and other products are different in different states.
  • In 1834, a customs union or Zollverrein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German States. The union abolished tariffs and barriers and reduce the number of currency over thirty to two.

43. How did the Greek war of independence mobilize nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe? Explain.

Ans:  

  • Greece had been a part of the Ottoman Empire since the 15th century. In 1821, Greeks struggled for independence.
  • The nationalist of Greece received support from other Greek people living in exile and western countries who had sympathy for Greek culture.
  • The poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilization and mobilized public opinion to support its fight against Muslim Empire.
  • The English Poet lord Byron who organized funds, fought in the war. He suffered from a fever and died due to fever in 1824.
  • The treaty of Constantinople recognized Greece as an independent nation in 1832.

44. How had the printing press created a new culture of reading in Europe? Explain with an example.

Ans: the printing press creates a new wave of printing culture in Europe. It increased the circulation of books and decreased the price of the books.

  • Printing reduced the cost of books by new public emerged.
  • The time and labour were expensive to produce the book. Printing press help to come down the price and can print multiple copies easily.
  • People get books more frequently after the printing press. Books are reaching out to every place. It creates new culture and supports reading.
  • After that the reading culture did not only belong to rice people, it also belong to common people. The printer also focused on publishing folk tales, their interest, and many more. They publish books more interestingly by adding pictures so everyone can understand. Thus this helped to create a new culture of reading in Europe.

Rise of Nationalism in Europe Notes

45. How had Charles Dickens depicted industrialization’s terrible effects on people’s lives and characters? Explain with an example.

Ans: Europe entered into industrialization in the 19th century. Charles Dickens wrote the novel to bring out the terrible effects of industrialization on people’s lives and the profit made by the industrialists. The main reason for the writing of Charles Dickens was to bring out the undervalued life of the industrial workers.

Hard times was the tenth novel written by Charles Dickens in 1854. The main purpose of this novel is to focus on the labour force. The novel shows the condition of the cities when there were full of machinery, chimneys and smoke. The labourers of the industries were considered to be the hands of the industries. Thus, Dickens proved that the prevailing idea of Utilitarianism which believed in “the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people” actually lead to the misery of several others or the happiness of the influential leaders to the misery of the labourers.

46. Describe the great economic hardship that prevailed in Europe during the 1830s.

Ans: The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe.

  • The population of Europe suddenly increased which led to increasing unemployment. Due to population, people in the rural area were migrating from villages in search of employment. 
  • In 1848 food shortages and widespread unemployment brought the population of Paris out on the road. An increase in food prices and a year of bad harvest led to widespread poverty in towns and cities.
  • Peasants still suffered under the burden of feudal dues and obligations in some regions of Europe. The rise in food prices and unemployment led to widespread pauperism in the country.
  • A National Assembly proclaims or granted employment to all adult males above 21. National workshops to provide employment were set up.

47. Describe the explosive conditions that prevailed in the Balkans after 1871 in Europe.

Ans: The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 was the area called the Balkans.

  • The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs.
  • The Ottoman Empire control a large part of the Balkans. The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive.
  • The rebellious nationalities in the Balkans broke their control and declared themselves independent. thought of their struggles as attempts to win back their long-lost independence.
  • The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other and try to gain more territory.

Rise of Nationalism in Europe Notes

48. Describe the role of different religious groups in the development of anti-colonial feelings in Vietnam.

Ans: religious groups played an important role in the development of anti-colonial feelings in Vietnam.

  • Vietnam had a mix of Buddhism, Confucianism and local customs religious. Christianity looked down upon their reverence for the supernatural.
  • In 1868, the Scholar’s revolt protested against the tyrannical spread of Christianity and inspired others to follow suit.
  • In 1939, the Hoa Hoa movement came up with religious ideas of the 19th century, and its leader Huynh Phu So was a famous entity.
  • These groups were not linked with political parties, which look down their activities with discomfort.
  • Religious movements were successful in anti-imperialist tendencies in the Vietnamese people.

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